Comparative and Global Framing of Enslavement by Stephan Conermann Youval Rotman Ehud R. Toledano Rachel Zelnick-Abramovitz

Author:Stephan Conermann, Youval Rotman, Ehud R. Toledano, Rachel Zelnick-Abramovitz
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: De Gruyter
Published: 2023-10-14T04:46:20.056000+00:00

Notes

1 John W. Verano and Douglas H. Ubelaker, eds., Disease and Demography in the Americas (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992): 16.

2 The term glocal, which since the 1990s has entered into various disciplines including sociology and anthropology, was defined by Robertson (Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture [London: Sage, 1994]) as a metatheory relevant to understanding the globalized world of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

3 Joachim Blatter, “Glocalization,” in Encyclopedia Britannica, 22.02.2022, https://www.britannica.com/topic/glocalization [accessed 03.04.2023].

4 Norman Yoffee, Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States and Civilizations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

5 Victor Roudometof, Glocalization: A Critical Introduction (London: Routledge, 2016): 16.

6 Philemon Bantimaroudis, Review of Globalization: A Critical Introduction, by Victor Roudometof, International Journal of Communication 11 (2017): 728–30. This characterization has seemed especially necessary since the onset of the twenty-first century, as the influence of the concept of globalization has begun to decline in the context of the finance crisis, the dawn of new social movements, and the advance of right-wing political groups.

7 Roudometof, Glocalization: 10.

8 Julia Winnebeck et al., “On Asymmetrical Dependency,” Concept Paper 1, Bonn Center for Dependency and Slavery Studies (2021): 2.

9 Quoted in Winnebeck et al., “On Asymmetrical Dependency”: 2.

10 David Eltis and Stanley L. Engerman, “Dependence, Servility and Coerced Labor in Time and Space,” in The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 3, AD 1420–AD 1804, ed. David Eltis and Stanley L. Engerman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011): 3, quoted in Winnebeck et al., “On Asymmetrical Dependency”: 2.

11 See also Christian G. De Vito, “Five Hypotheses on Dependency” (unpublished manuscript, Bonn Center for Dependency and Slavery Studies, University of Bonn, n.d.).

12 Camayoc were producing “specialists” on different levels of society (community and state level) and acllacuna were “chosen women” who also performed specialized work, above all the production of chicha or maize “beer” and textiles for the Inka ruler in particular settings. The mitayos formed rotating forced labor groups.

13 Roudometof, Glocalization: 27.

14 See Tamar Hodos, ed., The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and Globalization (London: Routledge, 2017); especially Jennings, “Distinguishing Past Globalizations”: 12, and Sillar, “Globalization without Markets?”: 229–42.

15 Alexander Geurds, “Globalization Processes as Recognized in the Americas,” in The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and Globalization, ed. Tamar Hodos (London: Routledge, 2017): 174.

16 Jennings, “Distinguishing Past Globalizations”: 12. The term “balkanization,” used by Jennings and elsewhere by Covey (R. Alan Covey, “Intermediate Elites in the Inka Heartland, A.D. 1000–1500,” in Intermediate Elites in Pre-Columbian States and Empires, ed. Christina M. Elson and R. Alan Covey [Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2006]: 113) and other authors should not be applied to these contexts. It is a negatively connotated term coined at the end of the nineteenth century. To this day, it is still associated with violence, primitiveness, conservatism, and patriarchies. This discourse became particularly clear during the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s and early 2000s, “when a larger context unfoundedly and in a concrete or figurative sense ‘bloodily’ breaks up into a thousand pieces” (see interview with Martina Baleva, “Balkan.

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